In July 2023, the Centre for European Reform and the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung UK and Ireland Office published a policy brief, ‘Building UK-EU bridges: Convergent China policies?’, that looked at the dilemmas that China posed for both the UK and the EU. These included China’s importance as a market and as a near-monopoly supplier of some goods; its central role in combating global climate change; its support for Russia in its war of aggression against Ukraine; and its rivalry with the US, Europe’s most important security provider.